Incident Response Tabletop Exercise and Scenarios

Every effective cybersecurity program must include regular tabletop exercises. This allows your team to practice dealing with a security incident. And realistic exercises start with choosing a scenario that’s appropriate to your actual security risks.

We have previously shared tips for conducting the tabletop exercise itself, and in this post, we provide three basic tabletop exercise examples to get you started on creating the right situation for your scenario. 

You should note that the scenarios shared here do not come with answers to each problem.

A tabletop exercise isn’t a fill-in-the-blank exam. It’s a convincing simulation that lets your team practice working through your incident response plan and a key way to identify needed changes in that plan.

Use these sample tabletop exercises to start crafting situations that will give your team the most realistic experience. 

Key Elements for Any Tabletop Exercise Scenario

You’ll find a few common aspects in every good scenario: 

• Custom Details: In your tabletop exercise, tailor the scenario to your team by using names of actual employees, the software your team uses, real customers, etc. All this will heighten the realism and help everyone grasp the consequences of something like your top customer calling because your service isn’t working. 
• An Unfolding Threat: Throw a series of developments and plot twists at the participants to reflect that, in a real-life incident, you never know all the facts upfront. 

• Unavailable Personnel: At some point, reveal that whoever is in charge of your team (or a staff member with necessary expertise) is unreachable. This forces everyone to work on the problem on their own rather than just saying that they’ll call someone else for guidance. 
• Outside Pressure: Include questions from clients, partners, the media, etc., in the mix to raise the tension and test the communications aspects of your incident response plan.  

Essential Questions to Ask in Any Scenario 

With any scenario you use, structure the exercise so that participants have to answer the following questions: 

Tabletop Exercise Scenario #1: Ransomware 

Backstory: You’re a midsize professional services firm with 100 employees, including a three-person IT team. 

Day 1, 7:05am
After a long holiday weekend, a couple of early birds arrive at work and report to IT that they can’t access files on their workstations or the network drive. 

Day 1, 7:35am
IT team members rush to the office and find that numerous files on the server and workstations appear to be encrypted. 

Day 1, 7:55am
The only file anyone can open is one that has appeared in every directory. It’s called RECOVER-FILES.txt. Upon review, the team discovers that this is a ransom message and decides to notify the IT leader. 

Day 1, 8:05am
The team realizes that the IT leader is on a cruise and unreachable. 

Day 1, 3:50pm
Upon further investigation, 80% of your workstations and 50% of your servers and applications were encrypted. Forensic analysis found evidence of data exfiltration and indicated that the threat actors were actively in your network for months before the attack. Recovery will probably take several days or weeks. Not all data is recoverable. 

Tabletop Exercise Scenario #2: Business Email Compromise 

Backstory: You’re a family-owned, 60-person company that builds components for large agricultural equipment manufacturers. 

Day 1, 4:05pm
The CFO receives an email from the CEO, who is traveling in China. The CEO’s message shares greetings from his wife and mentions how much they enjoyed their time in Beijing. He goes on to say that he has decided to proceed with the purchase of a large piece of equipment that the team has been discussing for weeks. He gives the CFO a bank account to use for the $400,000 payment, and the CFO makes the payment. 

Day 5, 8:05am
When the CEO returns to the office, the CFO mentions the purchase to him, and the CEO responds, “I never told you to make that purchase. What are you talking about?” The C-suite calls IT in to investigate whether the CEO’s email has been compromised and where the money went. 

Tabletop Exercise Scenario #3: System Compromise/Double-Extortion Ransomware 

Backstory: Your company runs a cloud-based sourcing service. Customers log into your portal to order the parts they need to conduct operations each day. 

Day 1, 10:02am
A customer submits a support ticket saying that they can’t get into the Admin Console for your service and can’t query data from their database for custom reporting. Your support team attempts to use the service and discovers they can’t get into it either. 

Day 1, 10:10am
Your internal team sends the issue to your offshore software development team—and they can’t get into the service either. 

Day 1, 3:45pm
Forensic investigation finds a ransom note and also discovers that the threat actor was able to capture cached admin credentials and pivot to other systems and resources. 

Day 1, 4:59pm
You realize that the attacker successfully exfiltrated critical data and is threatening to disclose it if ransom isn’t paid. You haven’t yet determined what data they exfiltrated 

Clearly, each of these scenarios can go in a lot of directions and will give your team plenty of things to discuss. If you’re just starting to use tabletop exercises, you’ll usually benefit from having an experienced third-party expert help develop the scenario and lead your team through the exercise. 

Contact HBS to talk with one of our cybersecurity consultants.